http://cuqldfreeblog.blogspot.com/2011/10/blog-post_07.html (with potos and pictures)
四川地震是天災。我在2008年後因緣際會有參予其災後救援的工作，透過廣元縣貧農子弟助學計劃，和災後創傷心理治療去服事。在地震三週年後以為災後重建已接近尾聲了，去年開始便轉戰湖南，參予「國際關心中國慈惠協會」的殘障孤兒關顧事工。
但從下面一則報導，驚覺四川重災區汶川在天災還未完全平復之餘，另一人為缺失引起的環境生態禍患，卻以極速蘊生。從下文我用紅色字標示的段落，都昭然若揭的看到災央源頭，就是那「多快好省」的陰魂，像無形魔手牽引地方政府的施政管治，非以國家人民長遠福祉為依歸，卻只求急功近利，向中央誇績邀功；更官商勾結，在「多快」地把企業發展之同時，卻把要顧及的環保措施都一概「好省」免掉。這「多快好省」的施政思維，遺害之深之廣，似乎已凌駕於天災，甚至已倒果為因，成了引發天災的次生隱患。
君不見溫州動車的人禍，在還未得徹查解決前，便在上海地鐵完整翻版重演了嗎？2010年的甘肅省舟曲縣泥石流(*)，不是被政府容許伐木過度所致嗎？回頭看2008年四川地震，更多資料正浮現，是經年累月人為破壞環境的結果。中央政府若還不覺醒加以約制，另一場「餘震」便會是早晚的事。文末馬東濤的「埋單」警告，也便會一語成讖的了。事實上，政府不是沒有接到專家的警告和防止災禍發生的獻議，下文中的地質專家楊勇便曾呼籲：
1. 一定要对极端天气下的灾后次生灾害的预防工作引起足够的重视，采取相应的防范措施。
2. 一定要规范地质活跃带上的工程施工。
3. 在城市速度发展的同时，也要加强城市的基础设施建设，提高城市的防洪排洪能力。
但明顯地上行下效的「多快好省」抓建設、促經濟短期增長的國策，叫所有專家意見都被置若罔聞。中國人民要承受再多少的災難，才能在防、救天災之餘，杜絕遺害更烈的人禍呢！？
(*) 2010年舟曲泥石流灾害发生在位于中华人民共和国甘肃省甘南藏族自治州的舟曲县，2010年8月7日，持续40多分钟的暴雨[1]使得土石冲进县城，并截断两条河流[1]形成堰塞湖。[2]。搜索至8月27日停止，至9月7日通報灾害已造成1481人遇难，284人失踪，累计门诊治疗2315人，解救1243人
汶川震區重建三年以來，泥石流、塌方等次生災害在擴大，主要原因之一是重建工程和工礦企業新、擴建造成的二次破壞。汪韜報導。Three years after the Sichuan earthquake, the disaster zone remains perilously unstable as expanding mines and hasty reconstruction aggravate geological risks, writes Wang Tao.
“一位在鋁廠工作14年的工人李師傅向南方周末記者反映稱，2008年重建時環保設施的確沒有跟上，今年才逐漸到位。” “An employee of the aluminium plant said that environmental-protection equipment wasn’t put in place during reconstruction in 2008, and is only just now arriving.”
削為平地的龍門山山頂上大型礦車來回穿梭，陡峭的山坡上不時有碎石滾落，茂密的森林中延伸著一條條白色的岩石碎屑流。Large mining trucks shuttled back and forth over the levelled top of Longmen Mountain, as rocks tumbled down the steep slopes. In the dense forest below, white rockfall scars were clearly visible through the trees.
這是楊勇在都江堰拉法基水泥廠露天採礦場看到的景象。“汶川地震災後，產業和企業獲得了項目落地和擴能機會，龍門山新增了不少採礦區域，應該引起我們的警覺。” This was the scene at the open-cast mining site owned by Lafarge’s Dujiangyan concrete plant, observed by Yang Yong, a geologist who in August carried out a two-week survey of the earthquake-struck Longmen mountains in Sichuan province, south-west China. “After the Wenchuan earthquake, businesses had the opportunity to move in and expand, and a number of new mining areas were opened up in Longmen. We need to be wary of this,” said Yang.
楊勇是橫斷山研究會會長、中國治理荒漠研究基金會專家。這名地質學家以獨立調查蜚聲業界。2011年是他汶川震區系列調查的第三年，也是他關注該地區的第十五年。Head of the Hengduan Mountains Research Association and an expert at the China Foundation for Desertification Control, Yang has made a name for himself conducting independent investigations like this one. His interest in the Wenchuan region stretches back 15 years and he has spent the last three studying the effects of the devastating 2008 earthquake.
2011年8月16日起，他在龍門山地震災區進行了近半個月的實地考察。“災後重建工程和資源型產業恢復給災區地質、環境承載力帶來了重壓。”Yang is increasingly concerned about the path rehabilitation of the region has taken. “Reconstruction projects and the revival of mining industries have put a lot of pressure on the local geology and environmental capacity,”
9月11日，楊勇對南方周末記者說。他顯得憂心忡忡，泥石流、塌方等地震次生災害給災後安置地造成的困境遠遠超出外界預料，而一些災後重建項目、礦山新、擴建可能會加劇這種危害，環保、安全生產管理不善也對環境和安居帶來了不利影響。Yang told Southern Weekend on September 11. He is worried that secondary disasters such as mudslides and building collapses will cause more problems for post-disaster relocation projects than anticipated, and that some reconstruction schemes and new and expanding mines, exacerbated by poor environmental and safety management, will worsen those risks.
地質災害在擴大
楊勇考察區域是四川盆地與青藏高原東緣之間的龍門山斷裂帶，斷裂帶長三百多千米，汶川地震所在地。震前就屬於地質災害多發區，四川、甘肅和陝西省的上百個城鎮都受其影響。作為四川省的富礦帶，多年的採礦活動和地震的破壞已“傷筋動骨”。The area Yang investigated is the Longmenshan fault zone, located between the Sichuan basin and the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The fault, which runs 300 kilometres in length, was the cause of the devastating Wenchuan earthquake of 2008 and of numerous geological disasters before that, affecting more than 100 cities and towns in Sichuan, Gansu and Shaanxi provinces. Earthquakes and mudslides, combined with years of mining in this mineral-rich area, have already caused serious damage.
成都山地災害與環境研究所研究員馬東濤說，汶川震區的次生地質災害的危害程度和面積都擴大了，並將持續幾十年甚至上百年。Secondary disasters in the Wenchuan earthquake zone are growing both in degree of damage inflicted and size of area affected, according to Ma Dongtao, a researcher at the Chengdu Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, who said the problem would continue for decades, perhaps even as long as 100 years.
在汶川縣漩口鎮原蔡家槓村村委會主任劉平的印像中，震前並沒有這麼頻繁的泥石流，現在則成家常便飯。“雨大點就有泥石流，震後一直是這樣，今年已經有三次了。” Liu Ping, former head of local Caijiagang village said that mudslides were not particularly frequent before the earthquake, but now they are common. “When it rains heavily, there’s a mudslide. It has been like this ever since the earthquake. This year, we have had three already.”
2011年八月楊勇這次考察，地質災害隨處可見。在石坎河，泥石流幾乎填平了溝壑，從楊勇提供的照片上看，狹窄的河床變成了寬闊的“碎石公路”。每年汛期，山區不少村莊都成為孤島，不能進入。During his August visit to Longmenshan, Yang saw the footprint of geological disasters everywhere. Mudslides had almost filled the Shikan river gully, making the narrow river bed a wide “stone highway”. During flood season, access to many villages gets cut off.
地方政府投入在增加，卻如杯水車薪。據當地媒體報導，2000年四川省投入300萬元，2006年為1億元，2011年則達到20億元。然而，四川省有2萬多個地質災害隱患點，其中2300多處被列入重大治理工程名單，僅綿竹市清平鄉文家溝泥石流治理工程就已耗資2億元。“治理工程仍需要時間、資金和可行性方案。”楊勇說。Local government investment in the area is increasing, but remains entirely inadequate. Media reports indicate that Sichuan invested 3 million yuan (US$471,000) in the year 2000, 100 million yuan (US$15.7 million) in 2006 and 2 billion yuan (US$313.7 million) in 2011. Sichuan has over 20,000 indentified geological danger points, 2,300 of them listed as key targets for preventative measures. 200 million yuan (US$31.4 million) has been spent on mudslide prevention at the Wenjiagou gully in Mianzhu county alone. Yang said: “These projects still need time, funding and feasibility studies.”
高川磷礦災後恢復生產,造成大批植被破壞。（楊勇/圖）Phosphate minerals mining after earthquake in Gaochuan caused severe vegetation damage. Image by Yang Yong.
重建隱患
楊勇認為，災後重建給災區產業調整升級環境改善帶來了機遇，但是隨著重建的推進，似乎沒有按照這一路徑發展。Yang believes that post-earthquake reconstruction offered the region an opportunity to upgrade local industry and improve the environment, but that that opportunity has so far been missed. As work has gone on, it has become increasingly clear that a different path is being taken, he said.
楊勇最關注的是沿著龍門山脈的工礦企業，災後的恢復生產和逐漸擴建。“從林立的煙囪和新增生產裝置的更新可以看出，一些小廠可能關閉了，但德陽和綿陽地區的磷化工產業群和生產規模似乎較災前擴大了，這需要增大磷礦石開採量來支撐。” He is most concerned about the recovery and expansion of industry and mining along the Longmen mountain range. “The vast numbers of factory chimneys you can see and all the new equipment show that, while some small plants may have been shut down, the phosphorus industry in Deyang and Mianyang is bigger and more concentrated than before the earthquake, and feeding that industry will require more mining of phosphate-containing minerals,”
楊勇說。以法國拉法基集團和中聯集團水泥項目新擴建為標誌，北川、彭州和都江堰幾個地區都新上了水泥項目，水泥礦源均來自龍門山大規模的露天開採。Yang said. There are also new concrete plants at several locations in the area, including Beichuan, Pengzhou and Dujiangyan, notably new projects from Lafarge, which is a French building materials giant, and the Zhonglian Group. The raw materials for these operations come from the large open-cast mines in the Longmen mountains.
根據都江堰拉法基水泥有限公司（下稱拉法基）礦山 擴建工程的環境影響報告書，“災後重建需要大量優質水泥，而市場缺口非常大。”2009年，公司已公示籌備擴大產能，為此將對石灰石礦山及頁岩礦山進行擴建。礦山均位於都江堰。 Lafarge’s environmental impact assessment on the expansion of its mining operations states: “Post-earthquake reconstruction will require large quantities of high-quality concrete, and there is a significant gap in market supply.” In 2009, the company announced that it was preparing to increase production and, as a result, would expand limestone and shale mining. Those mines are located in Dujiangyan.
除了 工礦企業對地質的影響之外，擴建的工廠也可能帶來環境污染問題。“在岷江河谷、龍門山水系上又恢復並新擴建了許多高污染、高耗能的產業，而這些生產活動區都是成－綿－廣經濟帶、成都平原城市群落的水源地。楊勇說。”Besides the impact of industry and mining on local geology, expansion may also increase pollution. “A number of polluting and energy-hungry industries have rebuilt and expanded in the Minjiang valley and the Longmen mountains – and these areas are where the Chengdu–Mianyang–Guanghan economic zone and the cities of the Chengdu plain get their water from,” said Yang.
劉平已隱隱感到了這種不利影響。“現在地里莊稼不收，經濟作物像獼猴桃和藥材也種不活，山上的樹也開始死。”村民懷疑是附近一家災後重建的鋁廠造成的。一位在鋁廠工作14年的工人李師傅向南方周末記者反映稱，2008年重建時環保設施的確沒有跟上，今年才逐漸到位。Liu Ping of Caijiagang village is already aware of this negative impact. “Crops aren’t harvested now, cash crops like kiwi fruit and medicinal herbs don’t grow and the trees on the hillsides are starting to die off.” The villagers suspect an aluminium plant nearby, rebuilt after the earthquake, is to blame. An employee of the plant, surnamed Li, who has worked there for 14 years, told Southern Weekend that environmental-protection equipment wasn’t put in place during reconstruction in 2008, and is only just now arriving.
安居樂業
“被地震破壞的工礦和化工企業要恢復生產，政府要進程和速度。但是，在這種高歌猛進的態勢之下，思考不冷靜、措施不謹慎就會使重建埋下許多隱患。”汶川地震兩週年前夕，楊勇就曾在接受環保組織自然之友的採訪時說過。“Mines and factories damaged by the quake need to get producing again, and the government wants to see fast progress. But in such rushed circumstances, consideration and caution can get left behind, meaning dangers go unnoticed,” said Yang Yong in an interview with environmental NGO Friends of Nature to mark the second anniversary of the disaster.
事實上，重建工程及工礦企業的擴建項目應當有環評審查，但卻形同為企業和項目背書。如拉法基擴建的環評報告書中就提及：“排廢場有水土流失、地質災害隱患”，但“礦區開採施工工藝符合水土保持和生態環境總體要求，從水土保持角度，本項目建設是合理可行的”。There should have been a proper environmental approval process for industrial expansion and rebuilding, but in fact this process has been little more than a formality. As the report for the Lafarge expansion says: “The tailings area is at risk from soil erosion and geological disaster,” but “the mining techniques used meet the requirements for retaining soil and protecting the environment, and in this respect the project is reasonable and feasible.”
楊勇認為龍門山地區已難以承受再次破壞，他曾撰文稱：“龍門山地震斷裂帶中已形成了大面積、大淨空的礦山開採區和剝離採場。海拔2500米以上的含礦層基本上已採空……'5·12'地震中，該區成為次生地質災害最快速和最明顯的響應區，形成了密集巨量的地質災害群和豐富的泥石流物源。” Yang believes that the Longmen mountains area will struggle to withstand further destruction. He has previously written that “the Longmen fault zone has already seen widespread and large-scale mining. Deposits above 2,500 metres have already been stripped bare. After the Wenchuan earthquake, this area suffered the worst secondary disasters and has become home to a large cluster of geological dangers and potential mudslides.”
每年汛期，礦區道路均被破壞，礦區難以進入，安監部門規定，汛期礦區需停止開採。可見增大開採量的影響深遠，需要謹慎評估。然而，為了快速恢復重建，很多項目的評審速度加快，程序也簡化了。“和地質災害相關的項目，我們評審了很多，以前做兩三年的評估，現在一兩年就上了，甚至沒有審查，只叫做'排查'。Each year during seasonal floods, roads in the mining area get damaged, making access difficult, and the authorities have ordered that mining should halt during this period. It is clear that expanding mining operations has a far-reaching impact and needs to be evaluated carefully. But for the sake of rapid recovery, many projects have been rushed through a simplified approval process. “We have evaluated lots of projects related to geological disasters. In the past, the process took two or three years, but now it’s just one or two, or there isn’t even an approval process,” explained Tang Bangxing, another researcher at Chengdu Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment.
”成都山地災害與環境研究所的研究員唐邦興說。“我國的環評中幾乎沒有公眾參與，公民參與意識和參與水平也有待提高，環評的結論沒有考慮多方利益。”楊勇說，“也沒有強硬的約束機制讓企業來承擔責任。” Speed is not the only aspect of the approvals process that concerns Yang. “There is virtually no public participation in China’s environmental assessments,” he said. “We urgently need more public participation and awareness of public participation. Environmental assessments ignore a whole range of interests, and there aren’t any mechanisms powerful enough to force the relevant companies to take responsibility.”
“每個階段的首要目標不同，地震剛過後，以搶修安置恢復為先。”馬東濤說，“但是現在三年了，一些問題已經暴露出來，與我們當初的想像和預估發生很大改變，一切都要冷靜思考，科學應對，是時候為我們當時的盲動埋單了。” “The primary goals at each stage are different,” said Ma Dongtao. “Just after the earthquake, emergency repairs and resettlement were the priority. But that was three years ago, and problems are starting to emerge. Everything needs to be calmly considered and approached scientifically – it is time to pay for our earlier rashness.”
汪韜，南方周末記者原文刊於9月22日《南方周末》This article was first published by Southern Weekend, where Wang Tao is a reporter.
主頁圖片作者Homepage image by Bill Stranberg.
原文刊載「中外對話」Chinadialogue. http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/4566
See full post with pictures here at cuqldfreeblog.blogspot.com
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